Impacts of obesity on children's self-esteem and health

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a chronic, multifactorial condition resulting from an energy imbalance, characterized by excess body fat. In recent years, its prevalence has increased due to poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Obesity is associated with significant risks, such as non-communicable chronic diseases, orthopedic problems, and psychological disorders, including low self-esteem and social exclusion, which exacerbate its negative impacts. Public policies and interventions are essential for preventing and treating this condition. This study employed an exploratory integrative literature review using databases like PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2020 to 2024. The PICO strategy guided the research on the impacts of obesity on children's self-esteem and health. Twenty-one articles were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis followed the PRISMA protocol, with categorization of the studies and data extraction. The findings indicate that childhood obesity is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors. Ultraprocessed foods and sedentary behavior are among the primary risk factors, while the family and school environment play a central role in prevention. Psychologically, low self-esteem and stigmatization are linked to obesity, affecting emotional development. Early interventions can prevent the transition to adult obesity and its consequences, such as chronic diseases and diminished quality of life.

The review highlights that, while genetic factors are immutable, environmental and behavioral interventions are effective in preventing obesity. School strategies, regulation of food marketing, and psychological support are promising measures. However, barriers such as the influence of advertising and social stigma hinder progress. Integrated approaches and more rigorous public policies are needed to combat childhood obesity comprehensively. Childhood obesity negatively impacts children's physical, emotional, and social health, requiring multidimensional measures for prevention and treatment. Investing in food education, promoting physical activity, and regulating unhealthy foods are crucial to reducing the prevalence and effects of this condition, ultimately enhancing the quality of life and health for future generations.