Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD in children: a review

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study reviewed pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, documenting their characteristics, benefits, and limitations. The research consisted of an integrative literature review with 21 studies published between 2020 and 2024, obtained from databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and BVS. Pharmacological treatments, mainly stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms but presented side effects, such as insomnia and appetite loss, as well as possible long-term impacts on brain development. Among non-pharmacological therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) stood out for improving emotional and organizational control. Music therapy and art therapy facilitated emotional expression and social interaction, while dietary therapy emphasized the role of nutrients such as omega-3, iron, and zinc, along with the reduction of sugars and artificial colorings. Physical activities, such as swimming, were associated with improvements in attention and emotional regulation. Neurofeedback proved promising despite methodological challenges and low clinical acceptance. It is concluded that the integrated use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches presents a promising model for managing ADHD, especially in mild to moderate cases, promoting quality of life for patients and their families. However, more robust comparative studies are needed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of each method.