Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV: a narrative review

Abstract

Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite responsible for trichomoniasis, a common asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection (STI), which is associated with complications such as vaginal inflammation and an increased susceptibility to HIV infection. Tissue damage and the local immune response may facilitate viral entry. This study aims to examine the association between trichomoniasis and HIV, as well as its implications for public health. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted through searches in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. The selection criteria included open-access articles published within the past five years, using the DECS descriptors “Trichomonas vaginalis,” “HIV,” and “Women.” Results: The literature indicates that co-infection with Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV enhances viral transmission and disease progression due to factors such as genital inflammation, mucosal disruption, and alterations in the genital microbiota. Additionally, asymptomatic male carriers serve as vectors, while adolescents and pregnant women constitute particularly vulnerable populations. Mechanisms including elevated viral load and the modulatory role of galectins further intensify the risk. Consequently, early detection and treatment are essential to reduce complications and transmission rates. Conclusion: Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis significantly increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. Therefore, its management should be incorporated into comprehensive STI control strategies, including prevention, early diagnosis, and  treatment, with a particular emphasis on at-risk populations.