Health rights in the black population: A focus on primary health care for this ethnic/social group

Abstract

Introduction: This study analyzes the structural and institutional barriers that undermine Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS) in ensuring comprehensive and equitable healthcare for the Black population. Despite the National Policy for the Comprehensive Health of the Black Population, its implementation remains insufficient in the face of challenges posed by structural and institutional racism. The Black population experiences the worst socioeconomic and health indicators, compounded by discriminatory practices within healthcare services. Methodology: The research was conducted through a literature review of publications from 2009 to 2023, using descriptors related to the health of the Black population and institutional racism. Initially, 23 articles were selected, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 were included in the study. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that institutional racism manifests through discriminatory attitudes, neglect, and barriers to accessing healthcare services. These practices perpetuate inequalities, negatively impacting the health of the Black population, with psychosocial consequences such as mental suffering and exclusion. Cases of obstetric violence and challenges in reproductive care against Black women were highlighted, exposing the SUS’s inability to uphold its principles of equity and comprehensiveness. Strengthening public policies, monitoring specific health indicators, and professional training are essential to address these inequalities and promote anti-racist practices. Conclusion: The assessment of disparities indicates that structural and institutional racism remains a significant obstacle to the realization of SUS principles. Therefore, overcoming these challenges requires improved health indicator monitoring, enhanced professional training, and the implementation of more effective initiatives to combat racism.