Impacts of pesticide exposure during pregnancy and its relationship with the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): an integrative review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder originating from biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Maternal exposure to pesticides receives attention due to the neurotoxic potential and use of these substances. During gestation, the fetus is vulnerable, and pesticides in the maternal organism can interfere with the formation of the central nervous system, contributing to alterations associated with ASD. This study is characterized as an integrative review, conducted to gather, analyze, and synthesize the available evidence on the relationship between gestational exposure to pesticides and an increased risk of ASD. The methodology followed systematic steps, including defining the guiding question, establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria, searching multiple databases, selecting studies, extracting relevant information, and categorizing the findings. The searches were conducted between August and November 2025 in the Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and PubMed databases. After an initial screening of 31 articles, 21 studies met the established criteria and comprised the final analysis. The results indicate that different classes of pesticides—organophosphates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and herbicides such as glyphosate—interfere with essential processes of fetal neurodevelopment, including neurotransmission, neuronal differentiation, enzymatic activity, and epigenetic modulation. Studies indicate that maternal genetic factors influence the metabolism of these substances, increasing susceptibility even at moderate exposures. Exposed populations show biomarkers above reference levels, evidencing continuous exposure. Simple interventions, such as the consumption of organic foods, reduce the pesticide load and act as a preventive measure. The literature highlights the need for more rigorous public policies on pesticides. It is concluded that gestational exposure to pesticides is a relevant environmental factor that can contribute to the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The review highlights the importance of further research and the adoption of preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure during pregnancy.